Then act creatively. Three Spokes. Join Us. Robert McNamara on the Thought Company website gives us more insight into this creative genius and this one transformative innovation: "In the decades before the Civil War steel was produced in great quantities.
Newer Post "Moby Dick". Robert Mushet is credited with inventing tungsten steel in , and Henry Brearly invented stainless steel in Actively scan device characteristics for identification. Use precise geolocation data. Select personalised content. Create a personalised content profile.
Measure ad performance. Select basic ads. Create a personalised ads profile. Select personalised ads. Apply market research to generate audience insights. Measure content performance. Develop and improve products. List of Partners vendors. Share Flipboard Email. This web publication contains , pages of information and , images on early companies, their products and the people who designed and built them.
The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron. A similar process was claimed to have been discovered in by William Kelly. The process had also been used outside of Europe for hundreds of years, but not on an industrial scale. The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation through air being blown through the molten iron.
The oxidation also raises the temperature of the iron mass and keeps it molten. The process is carried out in a large ovoid steel container lined with clay or dolomite called the Bessemer converter.
The capacity of a converter was from 8 to 30 tons of molten iron with a usual charge being around 15 tons. At the top of the converter is an opening, usually tilted to the side relative to the body of the vessel, through which the iron is introduced and the finished product removed. The converter is pivoted on trunnions so that it can be rotated to receive the charge, turned upright during conversion, and then rotated again for pouring out the molten steel at the end. The oxidation process removes impurities such as silicon, manganese, and carbon as oxides.
These oxides either escape as gas or form a solid slag. The refractory lining of the converter also plays a role in the conversion - the clay lining is used in the acid Bessemer, in which there is low phosphorus in the raw material. Dolomite is used when the phosphorus content is high in the basic Bessemer limestone or magnesite linings are also sometimes used instead of dolomite - this is also known as a Gilchrist-Thomas converter, after Sidney Gilchrist Thomas who had invented a process for dealing with the phosphorus with the help of his cousin, Percy Gilchrist [1].
In order to give the steel the desired properties, other substances could be added to the molten steel when conversion was complete, such as spiegeleisen an iron-carbon-manganese alloy.
When the required steel had been formed, it was poured out into ladles and then transferred into moulds and the lighter slag is left behind.
0コメント